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Post-Brexit Environmental Policies: Shifting the Dialogue to Air Pollution
\n\n\nThe United Kingdom will need to employ more effective environmental policies post-Brexit in order to overcome the persisting problem of air pollution. Poor air quality currently costs the UK government £16 billion annually due to effects of poor health and reduced labour productivity.
\n\n\n\nAn independent and more vigorous approach in curbing this predicament is crucial for the UK, as up until now 80-90% of her environmental policies were spearheaded by the European Union.
\n\n\n\nAccording to a report by the World Health Organization (WHO), eleven urban areas in the UK are currently above safe air pollution limits. The quality of air in an area is measured by levels of particulate matter, namely: PM2.5 and PM10. This constitute of particles such as dirt, soot, and smoke. It also includes gas emissions such as carbon dioxide, sulphur oxides, and nitrogen oxides.
\n\n\n![](\"https://cdn.greenmatch.co.uk/cdn-cgi/image/format=auto/2/2022/10/air-pollution-uk-graph.png\")
The safety limit for PM2.5 is an annual average concentration of 10 µg/m3, whilst the safety limit for PM10 annual mean is 20 µg/m3. Thus, air pollution that has a PM2.5 score above 10µg/m3 and PM10 score above 20µg /m3 is not only hazardous but illegal.
\n\n\n\nThe WHO report measured 51 cities in the UK, out of these, Gibraltar, is primarily the most polluted area in the UK .This is mainly due to ailing power stations in the area. This shows that the implementation of strategies to reduce emissions need to be strengthened, whilst compliance from industry bodies needs to be reinforced.
\n\n\n\nAdditionally, only 10 cities in the UK were found to be within the safe limit of PM2.5. This is alarming as these particles are small enough to pass through the respiratory tract, resulting in a number of health problems making it a policy concern.
\n\n\n![](\"https://cdn.greenmatch.co.uk/cdn-cgi/image/format=auto/2/2022/10/airpollutionuk.png\")
Typically, pollution occurs when a chemical, physical or biological substance mixes with natural air, and thereby altering the natural characteristics of the atmosphere. Indoor air pollution is sourced from household goods such as electronics, heating equipment and upholstered furniture.
\n\n\n\nOn the other hand, power plants, industrial factories, and automobiles are common sources of outdoor air pollution. Whilst air pollution itself is unavoidable, as the air we breathe is constantly contaminated, the extent to which it occurs can be reduced in order to ensure environmental and health safety.
\n\n\n\nBased on standards endorsed by the EU, current UK environmental policies emphasise air pollution control rather than prevention. However, with Brexit in motion, it will be interesting to see how the UK will continue to enforce air pollution reduction strategies outside the EU.
\n\n\n\nThe Adverse Effects of Air Pollution
\n\n\n\nAir pollution has an ill-effect on human health, welfare, and the state of our natural environment. It includes cost incurred by dwindling levels in labour productivity and health care expenditures.
\n\n\n\nThe UK Department for Environment Food & Rural Affairs estimate that air pollution has causal effect on 29,000 deaths in the UK, as well as reduces life expectancy by 6 months on average at a cost of around £16 billion per annum.
\n\n\n![](\"https://cdn.greenmatch.co.uk/cdn-cgi/image/format=auto/2/2022/10/cyclist_pollution.png\")
Healthwise, when particulate matter is inhaled in high concentrations it can cause difficulties in breathing, asthma, and increased risk of heart disease. With long term exposure, the effects may lead to cancer, as well as damages to the immune, neurological, reproductive, and respiratory systems.
\n\n\n\nEnvironmentally, air pollution is a major contributor to global warming. The emission of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides into the air produces acid rain. This in turn poses a threat to biodiversity, the depletion of the ozone layer, and the overall sustainability of the environment
\n\n\n\nOutlook on the UK’s Environmental Policies
\n\n\n\nThe EU has played an immense role in the environmental policies and legislations in the UK prior to Brexit; as aforementioned, about 80-90% of the UK’s environmental policies were derived from the EU.
\n\n\n\nThis includes: waste management, air and water quality, and chemical regulations. Furthermore, the UK’s 2020 and 2030 interim targets for renewable energy, energy efficiency, and emissions reductions were driven by the EU.
\n\n\n\nUncertainties of what the environmental policies will be now that UK is no longer part of the EU are highly prevalent amongst citizens, NGOs, organisations, and environmental think tanks.
\n\n\n\nPublic opinion is that discarding EU led policies would impede on plans to improve UK’s air quality. Nevertheless, judging from that angle alone does not tell the complete story, as many variables might come to play in terms of how well post-Brexit policies might be implemented.
\n\n\n\nThe UK Air Quality Strategy sets standards for regulations in reducing the pollution problem in the UK. One main objective is also directed to benefitting public health, improvement in the quality of life of the population, and helping to protect the environment.
\n\n\n\nWith air quality highlighted as one of the biggest threats to public health, it is not expected that government will disregard the importance of the issue. Rather, we could see government moving towards closer collaborations with local authorities and private sectors to make long-term changes.
\n\n\n\nIneffectiveness of Policies Tackling Pollution
\n\n\n![](\"https://cdn.greenmatch.co.uk/cdn-cgi/image/format=auto/2/2022/10/air-pollution-health_b.png\")
Nonetheless, the speed at which such environmental policies are enforced has always been problematic. This is exemplified in 2015 when the campaign group ClientEarth took the UK Government to the supreme court with regards to breaching the EU Air Quality Directive.
\n\n\n\nAmongst the claims made by ClientEarth was that 90% of the country’s air quality zones have breached legally accepted levels since 2010 due to nitrogen dioxide emissions. These are toxic gases that are derived from diesel-powered vehicles largely affecting people living in the inner cities.
\n\n\n\nThis was not the first time the UK government were confronted with excessive levels of nitrogen dioxide; as in 2014, the European Commission also took legal action against the UK over the same matter.
\n\n\n\nAfter a year long dispute, ClientEarth won the case, with lawyer Alan Andrews stating : “Because we believe that everyone has the right to breathe clean air, we took the UK government to court over air pollution. We also protect people from dangerous chemicals by defending EU laws on toxics, and campaign to make sure people can find out what’s in the products they use every day.”
\n\n\n![\"Pollution](\"https://cdn.greenmatch.co.uk/cdn-cgi/image/format=auto/2/2022/10/pollution_activism.png\")
Again, the UK is subject to out of date policies and lacks ambitious targets to tackle the problems of air pollution. The National Air Quality Standard, lastly updated in 2007, outlined the standards and objectives of reducing air pollution in the UK for England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland.
\n\n\n\nAccordingly, the government’s provision of a national plan by 2015 to confront air pollution, was enforced by the Supreme Court. The advocacy of strong organisations like the environmental protection UK was pivotal in bringing forth the extent of the effectiveness of the plans, and lack of support for the local measures that were included.
\n\n\n\nSubsequently, questioning the effectiveness of solving the problem particularly concerning the aftermath of Brexit.
\n\n\n\nImplications of Leaving the EU on Tackling Air Pollution
\n\n\n\nOne of the concerns of many environmental activists are the fact that outside the EU, the UK will not be pressured into submitting reports and plans to mitigate pollution. This is also a concern in the case of missing the 2020 target for a reduction in emissions.
\n\n\n\nAccording to Full Fack UK, one of the side effects of Brexit will be the fact that UK power plants will not be legally bound by the EU’s pollution regulations. The EU directive is aimed at lowering the amount of pollutants emitted by new power plants, and cleaning up, or closing down old power plants by 2023; but won’t be effective in the case of the UK.
\n\n\n![](\"https://cdn.greenmatch.co.uk/cdn-cgi/image/format=auto/2/2022/10/pollution_image.png\")
As a consequence of BREXIT, the government can choose to allow the continuous usage of old power plants. Thus, negatively affecting the extent of the pollution problems in the UK.
\n\n\n\nOn the other hand, the UK contributes enormously to the EU budget, hence, one can conclude that the UK can fund itself in regards to environmental programmes and policies from the capital reserves from not being a member of the EU.
\n\n\n\nA particular case is the fact that the UK is one of the largest stakeholders in the European Investment Bank, which provides loans that go towards energy projects in the UK. With post-Brexit ongoing, the UK’s future with the EIB is uncertain, and that plays a role in constraining the solutions towards the problem of pollution.
\n\n\n\nThe UK receives around £3.5 billion of funding from the main EU budget with the aim of tackling climate change and transition to a low carbon economy. Again, an investment of £300 million was allocated to the energy infrastructure project under the European Energy Programme.
\n\n\n\nConsequently, the extent to which the government will independently allocate such funds in tackling issues of environmental importance, in this case air pollution in the UK is undetermined. Therefore, it might not be a question of how able the government can focus financial resources to curbing the problem of air pollution, rather, how efficiently and effectively will it be.
\n\n\n\nIt can be concluded that in order to curb air pollution, perhaps in more practical terms, the UK government needs to explore means of using their resources more efficiently. For instance, prioritising the development of renewable forms of energy, which are inexhaustible and do not pollute the atmosphere.
\n\n\n\nAlso, as the UK is in the process of being autonomous from EU; this gives room for citizens, environmental organisations, and non-governmental organisations to actively engage and collaborate with the government in devising solutions.
\n\n\n\nUltimately, implementation and collaboration may be what is required for the UK government to curb the problem of air pollution post-BREXIT.
\n\n\n
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- 英国空气污染
Post-Brexit环境政策:对话转移到空气污染
英国将需要使用更有效的环境政策post-Brexit为了克服持久化的空气污染问题。英国政府目前糟糕的空气质量成本£160亿每年由于健康状况不佳和降低劳动生产率的影响。
一个独立的和更有力的方法抑制这对英国的困境是至关重要的,直到现在80 - 90%她的环境政策是欧盟牵头。
根据一个报告世界卫生组织(世卫组织),11个城市在英国目前以上安全空气污染限制。在一个区域的空气质量是衡量水平的可吸入颗粒物,即:PM2.5和可吸入颗粒物。这构成的粒子如灰尘、烟灰和烟雾。它还包括二氧化碳等气体的排放硫氧化物和氮氧化物。
安全限制PM2.5每年的平均浓度10µg /立方米,而安全限制PM10年度的意思是20µg /立方米。因此,空气污染的PM2.5得分高于10µg /立方米和可吸入颗粒物得分高于20µg /立方米不仅危险而且是非法的。
世卫组织的报告来衡量51城市在英国,这些,直布罗陀,主要是污染最严重的地区在英国。这主要是因为境况不佳的发电站。这表明减排策略的实现需要加强,同时需要加强合规从行业组织。
此外,只有10城市在英国被发现PM2.5的安全限制内。这是令人担忧的,因为这些粒子是足够小,通过呼吸道,导致许多健康问题成为一个政策问题。
通常,污染发生在化学、物理或生物物质与自然的空气混合,从而改变大气的自然特征。室内空气污染是来自家庭用品,如电子、加热设备和软垫家具。
另一方面,电厂、工业工厂和汽车是常见的室外空气污染的来源。虽然空气污染本身是不可避免的,就像我们呼吸的空气不断被污染,可以减少发生的程度,以确保环境和健康安全。
基于欧盟认可的标准,目前英国的环境政策强调空气污染控制,而不是预防。然而,随着Brexit运动,这将是有趣的,看看英国将继续执行欧盟以外的空气污染减少策略。
空气污染的不利影响
空气污染对人类健康有不良作用,福利,和国家的自然环境。它包括成本的劳动生产率和减少医疗支出。
英国环境食品和农村事务部估计,空气污染的因果影响29000年死亡在英国,以及减少寿命6月平均的成本£160亿每年。
健康观点,当颗粒物吸入高浓度会引起呼吸困难、哮喘,心脏病的风险增加。长期暴露,影响可能会导致癌症,损害免疫、神经、生殖、和呼吸系统。
环境,空气污染是导致全球变暖的主要因素。二氧化硫和氮氧化物的排放到空气中会产生酸雨。这反过来对生物多样性构成威胁,臭氧层的消耗,和整体环境的可持续性
对英国的环境政策的看法
欧盟环境政策发挥了巨大的作用,立法在英国Brexit之前;正如上面提到的,关于80 - 90%的英国的环境政策来自欧盟。
这包括:废物管理,空气和水的质量,和化学法规。此外,英国的2020年和2030年临时的可再生能源目标,节能和减排是由欧盟。
环境政策的不确定性将现在英国不再是欧盟公民在非常普遍的一部分,非政府组织,组织,和环境智库。
公众舆论是丢弃欧盟领导的政策会阻碍计划改善英国的空气质量。不过,仅从这个角度不告诉整个故事,尽可能多的变量可能会玩的如何post-Brexit政策可能实现。
英国空气质量的策略集标准法规在减少污染问题在英国。主要目的也是针对大赚一笔公共卫生、改善生活质量的人群,并帮助保护环境。
与空气质量突出对公众健康的最大威胁之一,它不是预期政府将无视这个问题的重要性。相反,我们可以看到政府走向更紧密的与当地政府和私营部门的合作长期变化。
无效的政策解决污染
尽管如此,这样的环境政策执行的速度一直是有问题的。这是为2015年当运动组织ClientEarth了英国政府最高法院关于违反欧盟指令空气质量。
在主张ClientEarth是,90%中国的空气质量有违反法律以来接受的水平吗2010年由于二氧化氮排放。这些有毒气体来自柴油车辆很大程度上影响人们生活在内陆城市。
这不是第一次英国政府面对过度二氧化氮的含量;就像在2014年,欧盟委员会(European Commission)也采取了法律行动反对英国在同一物质。
经过一年长期争议,ClientEarth赢得了案件,律师艾伦·安德鲁斯说:“因为我们相信,每个人都有呼吸清洁空气的权利,我们将英国政府告上法庭了空气污染。我们也保护人们免受危险化学品通过在毒物维护欧盟法律,和运动,确保人们可以找出他们每天使用的产品。”
再次,英国是过时的政策缺乏雄心勃勃的目标,解决空气污染的问题。国家空气质量标准最后更新的2007年减少空气污染,概述了标准和目标在英国英格兰,苏格兰,威尔士和北爱尔兰。
因此,政府的国家计划的条款2015年面对空气污染,是强制执行的最高法院。强大的宣传组织像英国环境保护是关键在计划的有效性的程度,和缺乏支持当地的措施包括在内。
随后,询问解决问题的有效性,特别是关于Brexit之后。
影响离开欧盟在解决空气污染
许多环保人士的担忧之一是欧盟以外,英国不会迫于压力提交报告和减轻污染的计划。这也是一个关注的失踪2020年的目标为减少排放。
根据全英国假惺惺Brexit的副作用之一,这一事实将英国电厂将不受欧盟的污染法规法律约束。欧盟指令旨在降低排放的污染物量新发电厂,和清理,或者关闭旧电厂2023年;但不会是有效的在英国。
由于BREXIT,政府可以选择允许老电厂的连续使用。因此,负面影响的程度污染问题在英国。
另一方面,英国对欧盟预算贡献巨大,因此,我们可以得出结论,英国可以基金本身关于环境的项目和政策从资本储备不是欧盟的一员。
具体情况是,英国是最大的股东之一欧洲投资银行,它提供了贷款,用于能源项目在英国。post-Brexit持续的,英国的未来欧洲投资银行是不确定的,在制约中发挥作用的解决方案对污染的问题。
英国收到周围£35亿从主欧盟预算的资金,目的是应对气候变化和向低碳经济转型。的投资£3亿是分配给能源基础设施项目在欧洲能源计划。
因此,政府将在多大程度上独立地分配这些资金在解决环境问题的重要性,在这种情况下空气污染在英国是不确定的。因此,它可能不是一个问题,就是如何能够政府可以集中财力限制空气污染的问题,而如何有效地和有效地将它去。
它可以得出的结论是,为了遏制空气污染,也许在更实际的方面,英国政府需要探索更有效地使用他们的资源的手段。例如,将可再生能源的发展,是无穷无尽的,不污染大气。
同时,英国从欧盟正处于自治的过程;这给房间为公民、环保组织和非政府组织积极参与和合作与政府在制定解决方案。
最终实现和协作可能是什么要求英国政府遏制post-BREXIT空气污染的问题。
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